@article{jansen_real_2000, title = {Real life, real users, and real needs: a study and analysis of user queries on the web}, volume = {36}, issn = {0306-4573}, shorttitle = {Real life, real users, and real needs}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457399000564}, doi = {10.1016/S0306-4573(99)00056-4}, abstract = {We analyzed transaction logs containing 51,473 queries posed by 18,113 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. We provide data on: (i) sessions — changes in queries during a session, number of pages viewed, and use of relevance feedback; (ii) queries — the number of search terms, and the use of logic and modifiers; and (iii) terms — their rank/frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. We then shift the focus of analysis from the query to the user to gain insight to the characteristics of the Web user. With these characteristics as a basis, we then conducted a failure analysis, identifying trends among user mistakes. We conclude with a summary of findings and a discussion of the implications of these findings.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2019-01-27}, journal = {Information Processing \& Management}, author = {Jansen, Bernard J. and Spink, Amanda and Saracevic, Tefko}, month = mar, year = {2000}, pages = {207--227}, } @article{jansen_determining_2008, title = {Determining the informational, navigational, and transactional intent of {Web} queries}, volume = {44}, issn = {0306-4573}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030645730700163X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2007.07.015}, abstract = {In this paper, we define and present a comprehensive classification of user intent for Web searching. The classification consists of three hierarchical levels of informational, navigational, and transactional intent. After deriving attributes of each, we then developed a software application that automatically classified queries using a Web search engine log of over a million and a half queries submitted by several hundred thousand users. Our findings show that more than 80\% of Web queries are informational in nature, with about 10\% each being navigational and transactional. In order to validate the accuracy of our algorithm, we manually coded 400 queries and compared the results from this manual classification to the results determined by the automated method. This comparison showed that the automatic classification has an accuracy of 74\%. Of the remaining 25\% of the queries, the user intent is vague or multi-faceted, pointing to the need for probabilistic classification. We discuss how search engines can use knowledge of user intent to provide more targeted and relevant results in Web searching.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2018-03-28}, journal = {Information Processing \& Management}, author = {Jansen, Bernard J. and Booth, Danielle L. and Spink, Amanda}, month = may, year = {2008}, pages = {1251--1266}, } @article{spink_searching_2001, title = {Searching the web: {The} public and their queries}, volume = {52}, copyright = {Copyright © 2001 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}, issn = {1532-2890}, shorttitle = {Searching the web}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-4571%282000%299999%3A9999%3C%3A%3AAID-ASI1591%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R}, doi = {10.1002/1097-4571(2000)9999:9999<::AID-ASI1591>3.0.CO;2-R}, abstract = {In studying actual Web searching by the public at large, we analyzed over one million Web queries by users of the Excite search engine. We found that most people use few search terms, few modified queries, view few Web pages, and rarely use advanced search features. A small number of search terms are used with high frequency, and a great many terms are unique; the language of Web queries is distinctive. Queries about recreation and entertainment rank highest. Findings are compared to data from two other large studies of Web queries. This study provides an insight into the public practices and choices in Web searching.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2019-01-21}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}, author = {Spink, Amanda and Wolfram, Dietmar and Jansen, Major B. J. and Saracevic, Tefko}, year = {2001}, pages = {226--234}, }